NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE- WINNERS
2011-
American Bruce Beutler and French researcher Jules Hoffmann for their
discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, sharing it with
Canadian-born Ralph Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its
role in adaptive immunity.
2010 - British researcher
Robert Edwards for the development of in vitro fertilization.
2009 - Americans Elizabeth
Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for their discovery of how chromosomes
are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, research that has
implications for cancer and aging research.
2008 - Harald zur Hausen and
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for discoveries of human viruses causing cervical cancer and the discovery of human immunodeficiency
virus.
2007-
Mario R. Capecchi and Oliver Smithies of the United States and Martin J. Evans
of the United Kingdom, for their discoveries leading to a powerful technique
for manipulating mouse genes.
2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and
Craig C. Mello of the United States for their work in controlling the flow of
genetic information.
2005 - Barry J. Marshall and
Robin Warren of Australia for their work in how the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori plays a role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
2004 - Richard Axel and Linda
B. Buck, both of the United States, for their work in studying odorant
receptors and the organisation of the olfactory system in human beings.
2003 - Paul C. Lauterbur,
United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, Britain, for discoveries in magnetic
resonance imaging, a technique that reveals the brain and inner organs in breathtaking
detail.
2002- Sydney Brenner and John
E. Sulston, Britain, and H. Robert Horvitz, United States, for discoveries
concerning how genes regulate organ development and a process of programmed
cell death.
2001-
Leland H. Hartwell, United States, R. Timothy Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse,
Britain, for the discovery of key regulators of the process that lets cells
divide, which is expected to lead to new cancer treatments.
2000 - Carlsson, Sweden,
Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel, United States, for research on how brain
cells transmit signals to each other, thus increasing understanding on how the
brain functions and how neurological and psychiatric disorders may be treated
better.
1999 - Guenter Blobel, United
States, for protein research that shed new light on diseases, including cystic
fibrosis and early development of kidney stones.
1998 -
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for the
discovery of properties of nitric oxide, a common air pollutant but also a
lifesaver because of its capacity to dilate blood vessels.
Prof.
John Kurakar
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