RUBBER

RUBBER

The rubber tree initially grew only in the Amazon Rainforest. Increasing demand and the discovery of thevulcanization procedure in 1839 led to the rubber boom in that region, enriching the cities of Belem and Manaus The name of the tree derives from Para the second largest Brazilian state, whose capital is Belém.

These trees were used to obtain rubber by the Olmec people of Mesoamerica as early as 3600 years ago. The rubber was used, among other things, to make the balls used in the  Mesoamerican ballgame. There had been an attempt made, in 1873, to grow rubber outside  Brazil After some effort, twelve seedlings were germinated at the  Royal Botanic Garden’s. These were sent to India for cultivation, but died. A second attempt was then made, some 70,000 seeds being smuggled to Kew in 1875, by Hendry Wicham at the service of the British Empire About 4% of these germinated, and in 1876 about 2000 seedlings were sent, in  Wardian cases to Ceylon, and 22 sent to the Botanic Gardens in Singapore Once established outside its native country, rubber was extensively propagated in the British colonies. Rubber trees were brought to the botanical gardens atBuitenzorg, Java in 1883. By 1898, a rubber plantation had been established in Malaya  and today most rubber tree plantations are in  South and Southeast Asia and some also in tropical  West Africa

Efforts to cultivate the tree in South America (Amazon) were unsatisfactory, because of blight

 Brazil provided the world with the rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis, but that country no longer plays any significant part in the world NR (natural rubber) trade. Seeds were exported from the lower Amazon area of Brazil to London UK by Henry Wickham, a local planter acting for the British Government in 1876. The seeds were germinated at the Tropical Herbarium in Kew Gardens, London later that year. From there seedlings were exported to Ceylon (Now Sri Lanka). In 1877, 22 seedlings were sent from Ceylon to Singapore, where they grew strongly, and the technique of tapping was developed Prior to this, the trees had to be felled before the latex could be extracted.

     By 1900, most of the techniques and agricultural practices required to establish large plantations had been developed. One key technique was bud grafting. This is essentially a cloning technique which ensures that genetically identical trees can be produced in unlimited numbers.The rubber industry often talks about high-yielding clones, or other types of clone; and this is the basis of that terminology. Over the next 40 years or so, the British in Malaysia and the Dutch in Indonesia cleared large areas of rainforest to create rubber plantations. Simultaneously, local farmers saw the opportunities of rubber cultivation, and planted small groves of trees to supplement their own income.

      This gives rise to two types of rubber plantations in most producing countries: the estates, or plantations and the smallholdings. Smallholdings tend to produce solid rubber (see below) while estates are essentially large-scale farms, with professional management. Most latex comes from professionally managed estates.Latex is often described as the sap of the Hevea tree. This is not an accurate description. The sap runs deeper inside the tree, beneath the cambium. Latex runs in the latex ducts which are in a layer immediately outside the cambium. This highlights the skill of the tapper. If the cambium is cut, then the tree is damaged, because the cambium is where all the growth takes place. Too much damage to the cambium, and the tree stops growing and stops making latex.

      All natural rubber originates in the Hevea tree, and it starts its journey when the tree is tapped. Trees are rarely tapped more often than once every two days. A tapper starts the trek around the plantation before dawn. At each tree a sharp knife is used to shave off the thinnest possible layer from the intact section of bark. The cut must be neither too deep, nor too thick. Either will reduce the productive life of the tree. This starts the latex flowing, and the tapper leaves leaves a little cup underneath the cut. In ordinary circumstances, this latex will normally coagulate into a lump in the bottom of the cup, called 'cup lump.' If the plantation manager wants to make latex, then the tapper must add a stabilising agent to the cup. Usually this is ammonia, which prevents the latex from coagulating.

The tapper returns a few hours later and collects the stuff in the cup -- either cup lump or latex. The double round trip usually finishes at about 2 pm.FYI (for your information) , the tapper is very often at the bottom of the educational scale. Many are women; illiteracy is high; pay is low. Child care and education is rudimentary at best. Living conditions are quite primitive and  latex allergy awareness is extremely low.

If solid rubber is required, the cup lump, together with tree lace (the remnants of the latex flow from the cut down to the cup) and other bits and pieces are collected together and processed. That processing involves quite a lot of heat, which destroys many (but not necessarily all) of the proteins. It ends up as solid rubber. Depending on the method of processing and the final purity of the material, the industry refers to it either as TSR (technically specified rubber), or sometimes sheet rubber.

                                                                                       Prof. John Kurakar