VALENTINA TERESHKOVA
വലന്റീന തെരസ്കോവ
Valentina Tereshkova
was the first woman to go into space. In 1963, she spent almost three days in
space and orbited Earth 48 times in her space capsule, Vostok 6. That was her
only trip into space. Tereshkova later toured the world to promote Soviet science
and became involved in Soviet politics.Valentina Vladimirovna "Valya"
Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937, in Maslennikovo, a village near the Volga
River about 170 miles (277 kilometers) northeast of Moscow. Her parents worked
on a collective farm, and her father was killed during World War II. Valentina
left school when she was 16 and worked at a textile factory, but continued her
education through correspondence courses, according to the Smithsonian Air and
Space Museum.Tereshkova joined the factory's Young Communist League (Komsomol)
and soon advanced to the Communist Party. She became interested in parachute
jumping after joining the Yaroslavl Air Sports Club.
After Yuri Gagarin
became the first man in space in 1961, Tereshkova volunteered for the Soviet
space program. Although she did not have any experience as a pilot, she was
accepted into the program because of her 126 parachute jumps. At the time,
cosmonauts had to parachute from their capsules seconds before they hit the
ground on returning to Earth.Along with four other women, Tereshkova received
18 months of training, which included tests to determine how she would react to
long periods of time being alone, to extreme gravity conditions and to
zero-gravity conditions. Of the five women, only Tereshkova went into space.Tereshkova
was chosen to pilot Vostok 6. It was to be a dual mission. Cosmonaut Valeriy
Bykovsky launched on Vostok 5 on June 14, 1963. Two days later, Tereshkova
launched. The two spacecraft took different orbits and came within 3 miles (5
km) of each other. The cosmonauts exchanged communications.Tereshkova logged
more than 70 hours in space and made 48 orbits of Earth. Soviet and European TV
viewers saw her smiling face and her logbook floating in front of her. They did
not realize that the flight almost turned into tragedy, a fact that was
classified for about 40 years.
An error in the
spacecraft's automatic navigation software caused the ship to move away from
Earth, according to the RT news channel. Tereshkova noticed this and Soviet
scientists quickly developed a new landing algorithm. Tereshkova landed safely
but received a bruise on her face.She landed in the Altay region near today's
Kazakhstan-Mongolia-China border. Villagers helped Tereshkova out of her
spacesuit and asked her to join them for dinner. She accepted, and was later
reprimanded for violating the rules and not undergoing medical tests first.However,
Tereshkova was honored with the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She received
the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal. She became a spokesperson for the
Soviet Union and while fulfilling this role, she received the United Nations
Gold Medal of Peace.
Tereshkova never flew
in space again. She later became a test pilot and instructor and earned a
doctorate in technical sciences. On Nov. 3, 1963, Tereshkova married fellow
cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev. Their first child, a daughter named Elena, was a
subject of medical interest because she was the first child born to parents who
had both been exposed to space. Elena later went on to become a medical doctor.
Tereshkova and Nikolayev divorced in 1980.In 1982, Tereshkova married Yuliy
Shaposhnikov, a surgeon. She later was a deputy to the Supreme Soviet, then a
people's deputy. She was also a member of the Supreme Soviet Presidium and also
served on and later became head of the Soviet Women's Committee. She also was
head of the International Cultural and Friendship Union and later was
chairperson of the Russian Association of International Cooperation.
Tereshkova remains
active in the space community, and her legacy is widely celebrated in
everything from books to museums to stage productions.In 2017, London's Science
Museum opened a temporary exhibit called "Valentina Tereshkova: First
Woman in Space," which celebrated her contributions through artifacts as
well as photographs.That same year, stage director and producer Valentina
Fratti — who was named after Tereshkova — released the off-Broadway play
"They Promised Her the Moon." The production looked at the early life
of Jerrie Cobb, an American pilot who later became famous because she was the
"almost-first" woman in space. Another 2017-18 play by Chicago's
Theater Unspeakable, "Moonshot," included Tereshkova as one of the
characters.The BBC aired a documentary in 2014 called "Cosmonauts: How
Russia Won the Space Race," which summarizes the early space race from the
Soviet perspective — a difficult accomplishment until recent years, as many of
the documents were secret. It later was available on PBS in 2016.Tereshkova
carried the Olympic torch in 2008, during the St. Petersburg leg for the 29th
Summer Olympics in Beijing, and in 2014, ahead of the 22nd Winter Olympic Games
in Sochi, Russia.)
1937 മാര്ച്ച് ആറിനാണ് വലന്റീന തെരസ്കോവ ജനിച്ചത്. ആദ്യ വനിതാ ബഹിരാകാശ സഞ്ചാരിയാണ്. 1963 ജൂണ് 16നായിരുന്നു ബഹിരാകാശ യാത്ര.മധ്യ റഷ്യയിലെ മസലെനിക്കോവ് എന്ന ഗ്രാമത്തിലാണ് തെരസ്കോവ ജനിച്ചത്. തെരസ്കോവയുടെ അച്ഛന് ട്രാക്ടര് ഡ്രൈവറായിരുന്നു. അമ്മ തുണിമില്ലില് ജോലി ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. എട്ടു വയസുള്ളപ്പോള് തെരസ്കോവ സ്കൂളില് ചേര്ന്നു. 16 വയസുള്ളപ്പോള് സ്കൂള് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം
ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചു. പിന്നീട് വിദൂര വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം വഴി പഠനം തുടര്ന്നു.
പാരച്യൂട്ടുപയോഗത്തിലും സ്കൈഡൈവിങ്ങിലും തെരസ്കോവ വൈദഗ്ധ്യം നേടി. തുണിമില്ലില് ജോലി ചെയ്യുന്ന അവസരത്തിലാണ് ഇവയില് പരിശീലനം നേടിയത്. 1961 ല് യൂറി ഗഗാറിന് ആദ്യമായി ബഹിരാകാശത്തേക്ക് പോയതിനു ശേഷം ഒരു വനിതയെ ബഹിരാകാശത്തേക്കയ്ക്കാന് അധികൃതര് തീരുമാനിച്ചു. 400 അപേക്ഷകരില് അഞ്ച് പേരെ തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്തു. അതില് തെരസ്കോവയുമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. 1963 മെയ് 23ന് നടന്ന യോഗത്തില്
ബഹിരാകാശത്തേക്കയയ്ക്കുന്നത്
തെരസ്കോവയാണെന്ന് തീരുമാനിച്ചു. നികിത ക്രൂഷ്ച്ചേവ് തന്നെ ഇക്കാര്യം സ്ഥിരീകരിച്ചു. 1963 ജൂണ് 16ന് വോസ്ക്
6 ല് ബഹിരാകാശ യാത്ര നടത്തി ചരിത്രം സൃഷ്ടിച്ചു. മൂന്നു ദിവസം ബഹിരാകാശത്ത് ചെലവഴിച്ച തെരസ്കോവ് ഭൂമിയെ 48 പ്രാവശ്യം വലംവച്ചു. യാത്രയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം എയര്ഫോഴ്സ് അക്കാദമിയില് നിന്ന്
കോസ്മനോട്ട് എന്ജിനീയറിങ്ങില് ബിരുദം നേടി. 1977 ല് പിഎച്ച്ഡിയും നേടി. സോവിയറ്റ് കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാര്ട്ടിയില് സജീവമായിരുന്ന തെരസ്കോവ 1963 നവംബര് മൂന്നിന് ആന്ഡിയന് നികോലലാവിനെ വിവാഹം കഴിച്ചു. 1964 ല് മകള് ജനിച്ചു. 1982 ല് വിവാഹബന്ധം വേര്പ്പെടുത്തി. രണ്ടാമത് വിവാഹം കഴിച്ച യൂലിണി ഷാപോഷിനിക്കോവ് 1999 ല് അന്തരിച്ചു.
Prof. John Kurakar
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